LOGIC TIPS AND TRICKS
Logical
Reasoning is part of the coverage of the Professional Level of the civil
service exam only. The possible types of questions which may appear in this
section of the exam are:
ü
Supplying
the Missing Assumption
ü
Supplying
the Missing Conclusion
ü
Logical
Game or Puzzle
BASIC CONCEPTS
Logic
ü
study
the correct versus incorrect reasoning
Argument
= Premiss(es) + Conclusion
Example.
Superheroes
have supernatural powers.(premiss)
Bruce
is a superhero.(premiss)
Therefore,
Bruce has supernatural powers.(conclusion)
Example:
Most
employees in the call center industry work in the evening.(premiss)
Portia
is an employee in the call center industry.(premiss)
Therefore,
Portia probably works in the evening.(conclusion)
Premiss
ü
statement
which provides reason for accepting the
conclusion.
ü
because
of the argument
Conclusion
ü
statement
which is established by the premiss(es)
ü
therefore of the argument
Assumption
ü
unstated
premiss in the argument
Example:
James
is a spy.(minor premiss)
Therefore,
James has exceptional talent.(conclusion)
What
is the underlying assumption?
Spies
have exceptional talent.(The major premiss is missing.)
Stated
of otherwise:
Spies
have exceptional talent.(major premiss)
James
is a spy.(minor premiss)
Therefore,
James has exceptional talent.(conclusion)
Example:
Veronica
is a private Investigator.(minor premiss)
Therefore,
Veronica solve complex mysteries.(conclusion)
What
is the underlying assumption?
Private
Investigators solves complex mysteries.(The major premiss is missing.)
Stated
of otherwise:
Private
investigators solve complex mysteries.(major premiss)
Veronica
is a private investigator.(minor premiss)
Therefore,
Veronica solves complex mysteries(conclusion)
Example:
Mothers
are naturally protective of their children.(major premiss)
Therefore,
Angelina is naturally protective of her children.(conclusion)
What
is the underlying assumption?
Angelina
is a mother.(The minor premiss is missing.)
Stated
of otherwise:
Mothers
are naturally protective to their children.(major premiss)
Angelina
is a mother.(minor premiss)
Therefore,
Angelina is naturally protective of her children.(conclusion)
Example:
Sheldon
is a scientist.(minor premiss)
Therefore,
Sheldon is brilliant.(conclusion)
What
is the underlying assumption?
Scientist
are brilliants.(The major premiss is missing.)
Stated
of otherwise:
Scientist
are brilliants.
Sheldon
is a scientist.
Therefore,
Sheldon is brilliant.
Example.
Entrepreneurs
are ambitious.(major premiss)
Therefore,
Steve is ambitious.(conclusion)
What
is the underlying assumption?
Steve
is an entrepreneur.(The minor premiss is missing.)
Stated
of otherwise:
Entrepreneurs
are ambitious.(major premiss)
Steve
is an entrepreneurs .(minor premiss)
Therefore,
Steve is ambitious.(conclusion)
Example:
The
death penalty should be imposed to curb the high crime rate in the Philippines.
What
is the underlying assumption in the above argument?
First,
identify the premiss and the conclusion. Because there is a high crime rate in
the Philippines(premiss), therefore, the death penalty should be
imposed(conclusion). Next, identify the author's assumption. This is the gap or
the missing link in the explanation. What is the connection between the given
premiss and the conclusion? Why should imposing the death penalty curb the high crime rate in the Philippines?.
The author assumes the imposing the most severe penalty would discourage
criminals from committing crimes.
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